<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2183-8453</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional online]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[RPSO]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2183-8453</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ajeogene Serviços Médicos Lda]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2183-84532026000100300</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31252/rpso.15.01.2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[EXPOSIÇÃO OCUPACIONAL EM LABORATÓRIOS QUE REALIZAM RADIOIMUNOENSAIOS: MAGNITUDE DA DOSE, RISCOS REPRODUTIVOS E MEDIDAS DE PROTEÇÃO - REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE IN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY LABORATORIES: DOSE MAGNITUDE, REPRODUCTIVE RISKS AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES - AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
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<surname><![CDATA[Teixeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
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<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho Escola de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho Escola de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade da Beira Interior Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Póvoa de Lanhoso ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2183-84532026000100300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2183-84532026000100300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2183-84532026000100300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO  Introdução O radioimunoensaio é uma técnica laboratorial amplamente utilizada pela sua elevada sensibilidade na quantificação de analitos biológicos. Contudo, a utilização de radionuclídeos, nomeadamente o 125Iodo, implica potenciais riscos de exposição ocupacional à radiação ionizante. Apesar das recomendações da International Commission on Radiological Protection e da International Atomic Energy Agency, a evidência sobre a magnitude real dessa exposição e os seus eventuais efeitos na saúde dos trabalhadores, particularmente grávidas, permanece escassa e heterogénea.  Objetivo Avaliar a exposição ocupacional à radioatividade em profissionais, em particular gestantes envolvidas em testes neste contexto e analisar os riscos e medidas de proteção associados, à luz das normas internacionais de radioproteção e da legislação nacional. Metodologia Foi conduzida uma revisão narrativa que incluiu artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2024 nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e literatura institucional relevante. Utilizaram-se os descritores &#8220;radioimmunoassay&#8221;, &#8220;iodine-125&#8221;, &#8220;occupational exposure&#8221;, &#8220;dosimetry&#8221;, &#8220;reproductive health&#8221; e &#8220;fertility&#8221;. Foram incluídos estudos originais sobre exposição de profissionais laboratoriais a radiações ionizantes no contexto de radioimunoensaio. Dos 125 registos identificados, quatro estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão.  Resultados Os estudos analisados demonstraram que as doses anuais de radiação de corpo inteiro nos técnicos de radioimunoensaio são geralmente indetetáveis ou inferiores a 2 mSv/ano, muito abaixo do limite ocupacional recomendado de 20 mSv/ano. As doses nas extremidades variaram entre 0,2 mSv/ano e 17 mSv/ano, refletindo maior exposição das mãos. Os estudos epidemiológicos sugeriram uma possível associação entre o trabalho com radioimunoensaio e aumento de risco de parto prematuro ou malformações congénitas, embora com resultados não conclusivos e dependentes de subanálises.  Conclusões A exposição ocupacional nos radioimunoensaios é baixa e controlável, desde que respeitadas as boas práticas laboratoriais e os princípios de proteção radiológica (justificação, otimização e limitação). Persistem, contudo, lacunas científicas devido à escassez de estudos prospetivos e à falta de monitorização padronizada. Futuras investigações deverão integrar dosimetria individual sistemática e biomarcadores de exposição. Em termos práticos, os serviços de saúde ocupacional devem assegurar vigilância radiológica contínua, formação regular em radioproteção e, sobretudo no caso de trabalhadoras grávidas, a proteção da exposição a radiações ionizantes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction Radioimmunoassay is a widely used laboratory technique due to its high sensitivity in the quantification of biological analytes. However, the use of radionuclides, particularly iodine-125 (125I), involves potential risks of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Despite the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the International Atomic Energy Agency, evidence regarding the actual magnitude of this exposure and its potential health effects among workers and, particularly pregnant women, remains scarce and heterogeneous.  Objective To evaluate occupational exposure to radioactivity among professionals and, particularly pregnant women, involved in radioimmunoassay testing and to analyze the associated risks and protective measures, in light of international radiological protection standards and national legislation. Methodology A structured narrative review included articles published between 1990 and 2024 in PubMed/MEDLINE and relevant institutional literature. The descriptors &#8220;radioimmunoassay,&#8221; &#8220;iodine-125&#8221;, &#8220;occupational exposure,&#8221; &#8220;dosimetry,&#8221; &#8220;reproductive health,&#8221; and &#8220;fertility&#8221; were used. Original studies addressing occupational exposure to ionizing radiation among laboratory professionals performing radioimmunoassay were included. Of the 125 studies identified, four studies met the inclusion criteria.  Results The analyzed studies showed that annual whole-body radiation doses among radioimmunoassay technicians are generally undetectable or below 2 mSv/year, well under the recommended occupational limit of 20 mSv/year. Extremity doses ranged from 0.2 mSv/year to 17 mSv/year, reflecting higher exposure to the hands. Epidemiological studies suggested a possible association between RIA work and an increased risk of preterm birth or congenital malformations, although the results were inconclusive and based on secondary analyses.  Conclusions Occupational exposure in radioimmunoassay procedures is low and controllable, provided that good laboratory practices and the core principles of radiation protection-justification, optimization, and dose limitation-are followed. Nevertheless, scientific gaps persist due to the scarcity of prospective studies and the lack of standardized monitoring. Future research should integrate systematic individual dosimetry and exposure biomarkers. From a practical perspective, occupational health services should ensure continuous radiological surveillance, regular radioprotection training, and the protection of pregnant workers from exposure to ionizing radiation.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Radioimunoensaio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Exposição ocupacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Radiações ionizantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Dosimetria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Gravidez]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Proteção radiológica.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Radioimmunoassay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Occupational Exposure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ionizing Radiation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dosimetry Pregnancy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Radiation Protection.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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