<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-5263</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-5263</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPESE - Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-52632021000100113</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52224/21845263/rev35v1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mecanismos digitales para la participación en partidos políticos de la CPLP]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Digital mechanisms for participation in CPLP political parties]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Outeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celso Cancela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Cacheda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Vigo Facultade de Ciencias Sociais e da Comunicación Departamento de Socioloxía, Ciencia Política e da Administración e Filosofía]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vigo Galicia]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Vigo Facultade de Ciencias Sociais e da Comunicación Departamento de Socioloxía, Ciencia Política e da Administración e Filosofía]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vigo Galicia]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>35</numero>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>134</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-52632021000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-52632021000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-52632021000100113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Esta investigación analiza e compara a implantación de dispositivos de participación política dixital entre os partidos políticos dos catros maiores estados da Comunidade de Países de Lingua Portuguesa (CPLP) en termos de poboación. Partindo da influencia e dos incentivos derivados do contexto de cada estado, agardamos unha maior adopción de ferramentas de participación entre os partidos políticos de aqueles estados máis dixitalizados e desenvolvidos a nivel socioeconómico. Para a comprobación da hipótese de partida recompilouse a información relativa ás categorías e variables de estudo relacionadas coa participación a través das webs dos partidos políticos seleccionados a través dunha observación sistemática. A análise estatística dos datos obtidos non nos permitiu confirmar a relación entre o nivel de dixitalización xeral, o desenvolvemento socioeconómico e o grao de dixitalización dos partidos políticos. En base aos resultados obtidos, propoñemos unha serie de explicacións alternativas susceptibles de ser comprobadas en futuros traballos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This research analyzes and compares the implementation of digital political participation devices among the political parties of the four largest states of the CPLP in terms of population. Based on the influence and incentives of the context of each state, we expect greater adoption of participation tools among the political parties of those states most digitized and developed at the socioeconomic level. For the verification of the starting hypothesis, the information regarding the categories and study variables related to the participation was collected through the websites of the selected political parties through a systematic observation. Statistical analysis of the data obtained did not allow us to confirm the relationship between the level of general digitization, socioeconomic development, and the degree of digitization of political parties. Based on the results obtained, we propose a series of alternative explanations that may be tested in future work.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[participación política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dixitalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[partidos políticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdades socioeconómicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CPLP.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political participation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[digitalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political parties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[socioeconomic inequalities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CPLP.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anduiza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eva]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantijoch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Political participation and the Internet: A field essay&#8221;.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Information, Communication &amp; Society]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>860-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ardanuy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labuske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El músculo deliberativo del algoritmo democrático: Podemos y la participación ciudadana&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Teknokultura]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>93-109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Partidos políticos y voto electrónico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Moneo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Digitalización de los Partidos Políticos y el uso del voto electrónico.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pamplona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Polítical Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Beverly Hills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zygmunt]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bordoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estado de crisis]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blumler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jay]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The fourth age of political communication&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Politiques de Communication]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>19-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardenal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Sofía]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malpica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El impacto de Internet en la participación política: Revisando el papel del interés político&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arbor]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>188</volume>
<page-range>733-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Büchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Moritz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Festic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noemi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;How social well-being is affected by digital inequalities&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>3686-706</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candón-Mena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Breve historia de los nuevos movimientos sociales: de mayo del 68 al 15M&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Seminario Política poética. De Mayo del 68 al 15-M]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Sevilla </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;¿Democracia en Crisis? El futuro de los partidos políticos y de la democracia representativa&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de las Cortes Generales]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>100-102</volume>
<page-range>249-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The indignados of Spain: A precedent to occupy Wall Street&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movement Studies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>309-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicación y Poder]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotarelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política en la era de Internet.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crouch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Colin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Posdemocracia]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Taurus]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wattenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press on Demand]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donatella]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracias, participación, deliberación y movimientos sociales]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prometeo Libros]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donatella]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los movimientos sociales.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIS y Editorial Complutense]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La literatura sobre los nuevos movimientos sociales: Una revisión&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>369-402</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Movimientos sociales y relaciones internacionales: la irrupción de un nuevo actor]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Los libros de la Catarata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ekman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joakim]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amnå]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erik]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Human Affairs]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>283-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenoll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vicente]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastián]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Discurso y participación política en Plaza Podemos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>24-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Albertos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Antisistema: desigualdad económica y precariado político.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Los libros de la Catarata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flesher Fominaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Debunking spontaneity: Spain's 15-M/Indignados as autonomous movement&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movement Studies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>142-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galperin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Why are half of Latin Americans not online? A four-country study of reasons for Internet non-adoption&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>3332-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Cacheda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Marcos y estructuras de movilización digitales para la financiación y la democratización de los actores políticos: del 15M a Podemos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espacios Públicos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>36-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Cacheda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez-Refojos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Del 15M a Podemos. Rupturas y continuidades en un proceso de incipiente cartelización&#8221;.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inguruak]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>21-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hindman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The real lessons of Howard Dean: Reflections on the first digital campaign&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Politics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>121-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian Pieter]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lutz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christoph]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Digital Divides in Political Participation: The Mediating Role of Social Media Self&#8208;Efficacy and Privacy Concerns&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Policy &amp; Internet]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ariel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maceiras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio d&#8217;Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maestu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Esferas públicas, crisis política e internet: el surgimiento electoral de Podemos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>1573-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Movimientos sociales en red: movimientos globales por una justicia global&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La sociedad red: una visión global.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kathuria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vinish]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeob]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keun]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;ICT access: Testing for convergence across countries&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Information Society]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>166-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El partido cartel: La transformación de los modelos de partidos y de la democracia de partidos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zona abierta]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<page-range>9-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Taking our country back: The crafting of networked politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipsitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panagopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Costas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Filled coffers: Campaign contributions and contributors in the 2008 elections&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Marketing]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>43-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La democracia más allá de los Partidos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partidos y sistemas de Partidos y Democracia. La obra esencial de Peter Mair]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El desafío al gobierno de partido&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partidos y sistemas de Partidos y Democracia. La obra esencial de Peter Mair]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gobernando el vacío.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Dalmau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rubén]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Participación electrónica, primarias, selección de dirigentes y consultas en Podemos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jordi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Moneo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Digitalización de los Partidos Políticos y el uso del voto electrónico]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pamplona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marzolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hedwig]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganuza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;¿Enemigos o colegas? El 15M y la hipótesis Podemos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EMPIRIA. Revista de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>89-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Asumir un compromiso: identidad y movilización en los movimientos sociales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Zona Abierta]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>153-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los partidos políticos: un estudio sociológico de las tendencias oligárquicas de la democracia moderna]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Amorrortu Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müller-Rommel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ferdinand]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Introduction: Political Parties in Changing Democracies&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muller-Rommel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ferdinand]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics and Democracy in Europe: Essays in Honour of Peter Mair]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Abington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myovella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Godwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karacuka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mehmet]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haucap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Justus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Digitalization and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD economies&#8221;.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Telecommunications Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>1018-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Boix]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sotke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Political activism: New challenges, new opportunities&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walgrave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefaan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Aelst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Does protest signify dissatisfaction? Demonstrators in a postindustrial democracy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torcal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Dissatisfaction in Contemporary Democracies]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Offe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Los nuevos movimientos sociales cuestionan los límites de la política institucional&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Offe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partidos políticos y nuevos movimientos sociales.]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sistema]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Los movimientos sociales: de la crítica de la modernidad a la denuncia de la globalización&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychosocial Intervention]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>133-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pértega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Asociación de variables cualitativas: test de Chi-cuadrado&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Metodología de la Investigación]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nishida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tetsushi.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Digital divides in the world and its regions: A spatial and multivariate analysis of technological utilization&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pizzorno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alessandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Notas sobre los regímenes representativos: sus crisis y su corrupción]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociológica México]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>95-109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón-Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villasís-Keeve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Novales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Estadística descriptiva&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Alergia México]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>397-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Aguilera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cesáreo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Semejanzas y diferencias entre el Movimento 5 stelle y Podemos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Società Mutamento Politica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>51-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Del 68 al 15M: continuidades y rupturas entre ciclos de protesta&#8221;.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arbor]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>194</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Fake profiles, trolls, and digital paranoia: digital media practices in breaking the Indignados movement&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Movement Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sádaba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Igor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Acción colectiva y movimientos sociales en las redes digitales. Aspectos históricos y metodológicos&#8221;.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arbor]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>188</volume>
<page-range>781-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanahuja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El ascenso global de la ultraderecha y el nacionalismo: Crisis de la globalización, el regionalismo y el orden liberal&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josette]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[América Latina frente a la reconfiguración global]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>31-65</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO Secretaría General]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose&#769; Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Participación digital en los partidos políticos. Autonomía y prácticas de militancia en red&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Dígitos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>59-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Cuenca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La impotencia democrática: Sobre la crisis política de España.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Los libros de la Catarata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlozman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kay]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the Internet&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on Politics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>487-509</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Streeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wolfang]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comprando tiempo: la crisis pospuesta del capitalismo democrático.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Katz Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subirats]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Todo se mueve. Acción colectiva, acción conectiva&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[RES. Revista Española de Sociología]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>123-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sidney]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El poder en movimiento. Movimientos sociales, acción colectiva y política]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejerina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;From indignation to occupation: A new wave of global mobilization&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Sociology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>377-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomczyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#321;ukasz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Digital Divide in Latin America and Europe: Main characteristics in selected countries&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2019</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tonkens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evelien]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verhoeven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imrat.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The civic support paradox: Fighting unequal participation in deprived neighbourhoods&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>1595-610</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torcal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Partidos y desafección política&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Magazine, DHIAL]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>14</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torcal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariano]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teorell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La participación política en España: modos y niveles en perspectiva comparada&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Politicos]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<page-range>7-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emiliano]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barranquero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;De mitos y sublimes digitales: movimientos sociales y tecnologías de la comunicación desde una perspectiva histórica&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Redes.com]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>27-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Biezen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ingrid]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poguntke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Se van, se van...¿se fueron? El declive de la afiliación partidaria en la Europa Contemporánea&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scherlis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partidos y sistemas de Partidos y Democracia. La obra esencial de Peter Mair]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Deursen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helsper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ellen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eynon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rebeca]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Dijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The compoundness and sequentiality of digital inequality&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Communication]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>452-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
