<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-5263</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[População e Sociedade]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-5263</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEPESE - Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-52632025000200126</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52224/21845263/rev44a6</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Healthcare, Legal and Ethical Challenges of Climate Change Migrations in Bangladesh and in Nepal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João Casqueira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kazi Maruful]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adhikari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Puspanjali]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elvira Alves]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University Fernando Pessoa Faculty of Human and Social Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dhaka University Department of Development Studies ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bangladesh</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences Department of Community Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Nepal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University Fernando Pessoa Faculty of Human and Social Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,CEPESE - Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>44</numero>
<fpage>126</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000200126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000200126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-52632025000200126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This text looks at the issues related to climate change in Bangladesh and in Nepal in the last decade, focusing on the current challenges. In the last few years, both countries have faced political and social turmoil. Simultaneously, climate change has impacted the capacity of resilience to crisis, in a context already prone to natural disasters. In addition, Bangladesh, and to a lesser extent Nepal, are facing new and growing migration phenomena, in many ways directly or indirectly connected to climate change. How can the two countries overcome difficulties, some of which are structural? What are the organisational challenges, in the area of public health, but also in the relevant legal and ethical fields? What best practices can be identified to increase the resilience of the populations in such a complex context? The attempt to answer those questions includes an analysis of the field context, and looks in a critical way various aspects of the problem and of the challenges to apply the best humanitarian standards in the two countries.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Healthcare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Migração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bangladesh]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nepal.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asian Development Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[South Asia Climate Change and Economic Impact Report]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Webber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Accommodating migration to promote adaptation to climate change]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stockholm Environment Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Khas land management and land rights of the landless in Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dhaka ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministry of Land]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Centre for Social Change</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Change and Migration in Nepal. An exploration of the links, mechanisms, and hidden pathways.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kathmandu ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CSC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doglous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Climate justice and moral responsibility in the era of global warming]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark-Ginsberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerra-Ornelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capacities of Health Systems in Climate Migrant Receiving Communities - Insights in the US Gulf Coast (Research Report).]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rand Corporation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Constitute Project</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nepal 2015]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hannan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M. M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legal invisibility of climate-induced displaced people in Bangladesh.]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dhaka ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bangladesh Institute of Law and Policy]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IIED</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Urban precarity and climate-induced displacement in Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Institute for Environment and Development]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Change and Mountain Migration.]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lalitpur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICIMOD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IOM (International Organization for Migration)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Non-Communicable Diseases and Migration]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IOM (International Organization for Migration)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Nepal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kathmandu ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IOM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IOM (International Organization for Migration) and Government of Nepal (GoN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Research on Human Security Centered and Gender Responsive Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Nepal]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kathmandu ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IOM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IOM (International Organization for Migration)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Migration, Environment and Climate Change Policy Brief (February 2025).]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mallick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bhasan Char Island: a solution or a new dilemma for Rohingya refugees?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Australian Journal of Human Rights]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>458-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAdam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International law and policy responses to climate change displacement.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[UNSW Law Research Paper]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constitution of the People&#8204;&#8204;&#8205;&#8217;s Republic of Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministry of Forests and Environment</collab>
<source><![CDATA[National Adaptation Plan of Nepal 2021-2050]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Government of Nepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kujur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rohingya Question: A Historical Narrative of a Stateless Community]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Indian Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>LXXXIV</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>517-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niroula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Commitment and Action: The Implementation of &#8216;Global Compact for Migration&#8217; in Nepal]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niroula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kshetri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Policies and Protection for the Migrants of Nepal. Policies and Practices]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<page-range>1-13</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Kolkata ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okedele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aziza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oduro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate-induced migration: Global legal implications and human rights challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>84-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>PRiA Project</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Research Report - Impact of Climate Change on the Migration and Displacement Dynamics of Rohingya Refugees, May 2024]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>RMMRU (Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Internal migration trends and patterns in Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dhaka ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamsuddoha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.M.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raihan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hossain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Displacement and migration from climate hot-spots in Bangladesh: Causes and consequences]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dhaka ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ActionAid Bangladesh]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sultana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Addressing the crisis of climate-induced internally displaced women in Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bandyopadhyay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender-transformative approaches for climate change adaptation]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<page-range>301-20</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Suffering in silence: Sexual and gender-based violence against the Rohingya community and the importance of a global health response]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Global Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasnim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate displacement and governance gaps in Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate Policy and Development]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>44-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>UNFCCC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Loss and damage technical report: Housing, land, and property rights under climate vulnerability in South Asia.]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bonn ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNFPA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nine Ethical Principles: Reporting Ethically on Gender-Based Violence in the Syria Crisis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>UNHCR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[UNHCR Nepal Year-End Report 2021 - Overview]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNHCR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNHCR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nepal Factsheet. March 2023]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNHCR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Multi-Year Strategy 2023-2025 - Bangladesh]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bangladesh: Together We Can. The Covid-19 Impact on Stateless People &amp; Roadmap for Change.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rotterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISI (Institute Statelessness and Inclusion)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Groundswell Part II: Acting on internal climate migration]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
