<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-6499</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port ORL]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-6499</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-64992023000300273</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34631/sporl.2059</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Imunofenotipagem de amígdalas palatinas em crianças com SAOS versus Amigdalites de Repetição]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immunophenotyping of palatine tonsils in children with OSAS versus Recurrent Tonsillitis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chantre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonçalves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerqueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nascimento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inês Alpoim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Herédio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Nova Medical School iNOVA4Health Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>273</fpage>
<lpage>280</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-64992023000300273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-64992023000300273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-64992023000300273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: Síndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) e Amigdalites de Repetição (AR) são as principais indicações para a realização de amigdalectomia em idade pediátrica. Apesar do crescente conhecimento em imunologia tecidual das amígdalas palatinas, a fisiopatologia que leva ao desenvolvimento de SAOS ou AR não é totalmente conhecida.  Objetivos: Análise imunofenotípica comparativa de crianças com SAOS versus AR. O estudo epidemiológico dos doentes selecionados foi ainda realizado.  Material e Métodos: Análise por citometria de fluxo de amígdalas palatinas de crianças com SAOS versus AR. No processamento das amígdalas palatinas são isoladas as células mononucleadas (MNCs) e, a partir destas, as células T CD4 e as células T foliculares auxiliares (TFH). Foi também avaliado o tamanho e viabilidade celular e o Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), marcador de ligação das células TFH às células B, durante a produção de anticorpos. Foram incluídos 69 doentes do Hospital Dona Estefânia, com idade inferior a 18 anos, entre novembro de 2018 e novembro de 2022.  Resultados:  As amígdalas palatinas foram removidas por dissecção extracapsular de 54 crianças com diagnóstico de SAOS e 15 com AR. Nos doentes com SAOS, a média de idades foi de 4.7 (± 2.2) anos, sendo 24 do sexo masculino e 30 do sexo feminino. Nos doentes com AR, a média de idades foi de 6.1 (± 2.5) anos, sendo 7 do sexo masculino e 8 do sexo feminino. As crianças submetidas a amigdalectomia por SAOS eram significativamente mais novas que as por AR (p = 0.035). Não existiram diferenças significativas entre sexos nos dois grupos (p = 0.881). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no grau das amígdalas palatinas, pela Classificação de Brodsky, entre os dois grupos de doentes (p = 0.031). As crianças com SAOS eram mais propensas a apresentarem otite média com efusão com necessidade de miringotomia e colocação de tubos de ventilação transtimpânicos no mesmo momento cirúrgico (p = 0.034). Não existiram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas complicações cirúrgicas da amigdalectomia entre os dois grupos de doentes (p = 0.456). Pela análise de citometria de fluxo, a contagem de MNCs e células T CD4 não se encontrou alterada entre os dois grupos. As amígdalas palatinas de doentes com AR apresentaram menos células TFH quando comparadas com amígdalas de doentes com SAOS, mas de forma não significativa (p = 0.07). O tamanho das células T CD4 não mostrou diferenças significativas entre grupos (p=0.840), porém, a viabilidade destas células foi significativamente superior nos doentes com AR (p=0.015). Nos doentes estudados, existiu uma maior intensidade na expressão de ICOS nos doentes com AR face aos doentes com SAOS.  Conclusões: Os nossos resultados apontam para diferenças na resposta linfocitária local entre doentes com SAOS e AR, porém, são ainda necessários estudos adicionais de citometria de fluxo destinados a investigar os mecanismos imunológicos na base destas duas patologias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and Recurrent Tonsillitis (RA) are the main indications for performing tonsillectomy in children. Despite the growing knowledge in tissue immunology of palatine tonsils, the pathophysiology that leads to the development of OSAS or RA is not fully known.  Objectives: Comparative immunophenotypic analysis of children with OSAS versus RA. The epidemiological study of the selected patients was also carried out.  Material and Methods: Analysis by flow cytometry of palatine tonsils of children with OSAS versus RA. In processing the palatine tonsils, mononuclear cells are isolated and, from these, CD4+ T cells and follicular T cells. Cell size and viability and the Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), a marker for the binding of follicular T cells to B cells, during antibody production, were also evaluated. 69 patients from Hospital Dona Estefânia, aged less than 18 years, between November 2018 and November 2022 were included.  Results: Palatine tonsils were removed by extracapsular dissection of 54 children diagnosed with OSAS and 15 with RA. In patients with OSAS, the mean age was 4.7 (± 2.2) years, with 24 males and 30 females. In patients with RA, the mean age was 6.1 (± 2.5) years, with 7 males and 8 females. Children submitted to tonsillectomy for OSAS were significantly younger than those for RA (p = 0.035). There were no significant differences between genders in the two groups (p = 0.881). Significant differences were found in the grade of the palatine tonsils, according to the Brodsky Classification, between the two groups of patients (p = 0.031). Children with OSAS were more likely to have otitis media with effusion requiring myringotomy and placement of transtympanic ventilation tubes at the same surgical time (p = 0.034). There were no statistically significant differences in operative complications of tonsillectomy between the two patient groups (p = 0.456). By flow cytometry analysis, the count of MNCs and CD4 T cells was not changed between the two groups. Palatine tonsils from patients with RA showed less TFH cells when compared with tonsils from patients with OSAS, but not significantly (p = 0.07). The size of CD4 T cells did not show significant differences between groups (p=0.840), however, the viability of these cells was significantly higher in patients with RA (p=0.015). In the patients studied, there is a greater intensity in the expression of ICOS in patients with RA compared to patients with OSAS.  Conclusions:  Our results point to differences in the local lymphocyte response between patients with OSAS and RA, however, additional flow cytometry studies are still needed to investigate the immunological mechanisms underlying these two pathologies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[amigdalites de repetição]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[amígdalas palatinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Imunofenotipagem]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[pediatria.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[recurrent tonsillitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[palatine tonsils]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immunophenotyping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pediatrics.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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