<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2184-6499</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Portuguesa Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Port ORL]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2184-6499</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2184-64992025000300249</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34631/sporl.3077</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Abordagem ao trauma do osso temporal - breve revisão da literatura e proposta de protocolo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Management of temporal bone trauma - literature revision and algorithm proposal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rebelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguéis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[António]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguéis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>249</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2184-64992025000300249&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2184-64992025000300249&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2184-64992025000300249&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: Os traumatismos do osso temporal frequentemente ocorrem em contexto de trauma de elevada energia cinética, associando-se a múltiplas lesões corporais.  Objetivo: Apresentar uma breve revisão da literatura sobre trauma do osso temporal e propor um algoritmo de abordagem situações num hospital terciário.  Descrição: A avaliação inicial após trauma de alta energia cinética requer observação sumária ABCDE para garantir a estabilidade hemodinâmica. Após esta fase, e nos casos com suspeita de atingimento do osso temporal, recomenda-se a avaliação por otorrinolaringologia, para procura sinais de hipoacusia, vertigem e/ou alteração da mímica facial, de modo a orientar a abordagem ao doente segundo síndromes clínicas. O algoritmo proposto guia a abordagem ao trauma do osso temporal.  Conclusão: Os traumatismos do osso temporal necessitam da observação pela otorrinolaringologia, de modo a excluir entidades que possam carecer de cuidados cirúrgicos urgentes. O uso de algoritmos terapêuticos visam otimizar a qualidade dos cuidados com treino adequado da equipa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Temporal bone trauma frequently occurs in the context of high-kinetic-energy trauma, often associated with multiple bodily injuries.  Objective: To present a brief literature review on temporal bone trauma and propose a protocol for approaching these situations in a tertiary hospital.  Description: Initial assessment following high-kinetic-energy trauma requires a summary ABCDE observation to ensure hemodynamic stability. Following this phase, in cases suspected of temporal bone involvement, an otolaryngology evaluation is recommended, to search for signs of hearing loss, vertigo and/or facial mimetic muscle impairment. The proposed algorithm guides the approach to temporal bone trauma.  Conclusion: Temporal bone trauma requires otolaryngological evaluation to exclude entities that may require urgent surgical care. The use of therapeutic algorithms aims to optimize the quality of care with appropriate team training.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[trauma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[osso temporal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[algoritmo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trauma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temporal bone]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[management]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yalçiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kutluhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozdemir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cetin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bilgen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal bone fractures evaluation of 77 patients and a management algorithm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>424-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalwani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Current Diagnosis &amp; Treatment in Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, 3rd Ed]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venugopalan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khavdu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fefar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mistry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal bone trauma management a study of 100 Cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>Suppl 1</numero>
<issue>Suppl 1</issue>
<page-range>299-306</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Abdulwahed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&amp;apos;Byrne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A large case series of temporal bone fractures at a UK major trauma centre with an evidence-based management protocol]]></article-title>
<collab>Vakharia N et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>205-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Resuscitation Council UK</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The ABCDE Approach]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefanescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motoi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grigorita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georgescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iovanescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-resolution computed tomography in middle ear cholesteatoma how much do we need it?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicina (Kaunas)]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1712</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szczupak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kravietz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grobman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sidani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Utilization of computed tomography in temporal bone fractures at a large level I trauma center]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>E278-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bevivino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mustafa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of acute otohematoma with compression sutures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>641-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greywoode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pribitkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of auricular hematoma and the cauliflower ear]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Facial Plast Surg]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>451-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burchhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[David]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuliani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trauma patterns, symptoms, and complications associated with external auditory canal fractures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1579-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricciardiello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piccirillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Our experience on temporal bone fractures retrospective analysis of 141 Cases]]></article-title>
<collab>Sequino G et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groppo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of temporal bone trauma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>105-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulec]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeGuine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hemotympanum from Trauma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ear, Nose Throat]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>486</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fallon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remenschneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conductive hearing loss after head injury: diagnosis and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otologic and Lateral Skull Base Trauma]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<page-range>61-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervenka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brodie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of temporal bone fractures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Surg B Skull Base]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>419-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patterns of hearing loss in tympanic membrane perforation resulting from physical blow to the ear a prospective controlled cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Otolaryngol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>526-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haughey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robbins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Lesperance MM et al</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cummings Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abouzari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jamshidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Djalilian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perilymphatic fistula a review of classification, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Neurol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1046</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deveze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsuda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elziere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ikezono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and Treatment of Perilymphatic Fistula]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ljiljana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jovanovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milutinovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strbac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of complication from temporal bone fractures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>269</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>399-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seehusen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fomin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am Fam Physician]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1103-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipschitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hazenfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Laboratory testing and imaging in the evaluation of cranial cerebrospinal fluid leaks and encephaloceles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>339-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oakley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlosser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orlandi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea an evidence-based review with recommendations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Forum Allergy Rhinol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>8-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zervos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beta-2 transferrin is detectable for 14 days whether refrigerated or stored at room temperature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int Forum Allergy Rhinol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1052-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warnecke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Averbeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wurster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harmening]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenarz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnostic relevance of beta2 -transferrin for the detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1178-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Althaus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beta-trace AH Beta-trace protein as sensitive marker for CSF rhinorhea and CSF otorhea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Neurol Scand]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>359-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schnabel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Martino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilsbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riediger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gressner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kunz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of beta2-transferrin and beta-trace protein for detection of cerebrospinal fluid in nasal and ear fluids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Chem]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>661-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal bone fractures traditional classification and clinical relevance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1734-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Semaan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Megerian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal bone fracture evaluation and management in the modern era]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>597-618</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical efficacy of electroneurography in acute facial paralysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Audiol Otol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>8-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales Puebla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Juanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varo Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Cuadrado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gavilán Bouzas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lassaletta Atienza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical-radiological correlation in temporal bone fractures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed)]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>295-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Little]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radiographic classification of temporal bone fractures clinical predictability using a new system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1300-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fallon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remenschneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conductive hearing loss after head injury: diagnosis and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otologic and Lateral Skull Base Trauma]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<page-range>61-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[May]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marovitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stroud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prognostic accuracy of the maximal stimulation test compared with that of the nerve excitability test in Bell&amp;apos;s palsy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>931-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Natour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeDio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal bone fracture related facial palsy efficacy of decompression with and without grafting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>294-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arif Ulubil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of facial paralysis in temporal bone fractures a prospective study analyzing 11 operated fractures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Otolaryngol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>230-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
