<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2341-4545</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[GE-Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[GE Port J Gastroenterol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2341-4545</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Gastrenterologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2341-45452023000600001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000529428</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Current Approach to Dysphagia: A Review Focusing on Esophageal Motility Disorders and Their Treatment]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Abordagem atual à disfagia: Uma revisão dos distúrbios da motilidade esofágica e respetivo tratamento]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mascarenhas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Neill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Rita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raquel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inês]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental Gastroenterology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon Faculty of Medicine Pathophysiology Autonomous Disciplinary Area]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2341-45452023000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2341-45452023000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2341-45452023000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract   Background: Dysphagia is a prevalent condition which may severely impact the patient&#8217;s quality of life. However, there are still lacking standardized therapeutic options for esophageal motility disorders.  Summary: Dysphagia is defined as a subjective sensation of difficulty swallowing which can result from oropharyngeal or esophageal etiologies. Regarding esophageal dysphagia, after excluding structural causes and esophageal mucosal lesions, high-resolution manometry (HRM) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders. HRM has not only improved the sensitivity for detecting achalasia but has also expanded our understanding of spastic and hypomotility disorders of the esophageal body. The Chicago Classification v4.0 uses a hierarchical approach and provides a standardized diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders, allowing a tailored therapeutic approach. Dysphagia is often a long-term health problem that broadly impacts health and well-being and leads to physical and psychosocial disability, namely, malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia, as well as social isolation, depression, and anxiety. Apart from achalasia, most esophageal motility disorders tend to have a benign long-term course with symptoms of dysphagia and noncardiac chest pain that can improve significantly over time. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are self-assessment tools that capture the patients&#8217; illness experience and help providers better understand symptoms from the patients&#8217; perspective. Therefore, PROs have a critical role in providing patient-centered care.  Key Messages: Motility disorders should be ruled out in the presence of nonobstructive esophageal dysphagia, and treatment options should be considered according to the severity of symptoms reported by the patient.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo   Contexto: A disfagia é uma condição prevalente que poderá ter impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. No entanto, a abordagem terapêutica dos distúrbios da motilidade esofágica não está ainda padronizada.  Sumário: A disfagia define-se como uma sensação subjetiva de dificuldade de deglutição que pode resultar de uma etiologia orofaríngea ou esofágica. Na disfagia esofágica, após exclusão de causas estruturais e lesões da mucosa esofágica, o estudo por manometria de alta resolução (MAR) está indicado como avaliação por excelência para o diagnóstico de distúrbios da motilidade esofágica. A implementação da MAR aumentou a sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de acalásia, como também melhorou a nossa compreensão dos distúrbios espásticos e de hipomotilidade do corpo esofágico. A Classificação de Chicago v4.0 utiliza uma abordagem hierárquica fornecendo um diagnóstico padronizado dos distúrbios da motilidade esofágica, o que permite uma abordagem terapêutica adaptada às diferentes condições. Frequentemente manifesta-se como uma condição clínica crónica com amplo impacto na saúde e bem-estar dos afetados, dada as suas consequências físicas e psicossociais. Pode estar associada a complicações graves, incluindo desnutrição e pneumonia por aspiração, bem como isolamento social, depressão e ansiedade, com redução acentuada da qualidade de vida. A maioria dos distúrbios da motilidade esofágica, à exceção da acalásia, tende a ter um curso benigno a longo prazo com sintomas de disfagia e de dor torácica não cardíaca que podem melhorar significativamente ao longo do tempo. Os outcomes reportados pelo doente (PRO) são ferramentas de autoavaliação que captam a experiência da doença dos afetados e ajudam os profissionais a entender melhor os sintomas na perspetiva dos doentes. Portanto, os PROs têm um papel crítico na prestação de cuidados centrados no doente.  Mensagens-Chave: Doenças motoras deverão ser excluídas na presença de disfagia esofágica não obstrutiva. A terapêutica instituída deverá ser definida mediante a gravidade dos sintomas reportados pelo doente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dysphagia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Esophageal motility,Patient-reported Outcomes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Disfagia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Motilidade esofágica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Outcomes reportados pelos doentes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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