<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2341-4545</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[GE-Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[GE Port J Gastroenterol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2341-4545</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Gastrenterologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2341-45452024000500012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000537693</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Steroid-Refractory Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis in In&#64258;iximab-Experienced Patients]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Tratamento da colite ulcerosa aguda grave refratária aos corticoides em doentes previamente expostos a in&#64258;iximab]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nascimento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina Neto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bárbara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frias-Gomes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lídia Roque]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glória]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luísa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Beatriz Ângelo Gastroenterology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Loures ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon Faculty of Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>12</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2341-45452024000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2341-45452024000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2341-45452024000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a potentially life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis (UC) that can lead to signi&#64257;cant morbidity and mortality, with a substantial number of patients needing colectomy. In&#64258;iximab (IFX) has been increasingly used as a rescue therapy for patients who have failed intravenous steroids and has been more frequently used as an induction and maintenance therapy in moderate-to-severe UC. Therefore, the number of patients admitted with ASUC previously exposed to IFX has been increasing, raising additional challenges in the medical management of these patients to avoid emergent colectomy. This narrative review intends to summarise the most recent evidence in the medical management of steroid-refractory ASUC patients previously exposed to IFX and to propose a treatment algorithm for approaching this dif&#64257;cult-to-treat group of patients.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A colite ulcerosa aguda grave (CUAG) é uma complicação potencialmente fatal da colite ulcerosa (CU), que pode levar a signi&#64257;cativa morbilidade e mortalidade, com um número substancial de doentes a necessitar de co-lectomia. O uso de in&#64258;iximab (IFX) como terapêutica de resgate em doentes sem resposta a corticoterapia endovenosa tem vindo a aumentar, bem como a sua utilização como terapêutica de indução e manutenção em doentes com CU moderada-grave. Assim, o número de doentes hospitalizados com CUAG que já estiveram previamente expostos ao IFX tem vindo a aumentar, levantando novos desa&#64257;os na abordagem médica destes doentes, de forma a evitar a colectomia emergente. Esta revisão narrativa tem como objetivo sumarizar a evidência mais recente na abordagem médica da CUAG refratária aos corticoides em doentes previamente expostos ao IFX e propor um algoritmo terapêutico para abordar este grupo desa&#64257;ante de doentes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[In&#64258;iximab]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Janus kinase inhibitors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cyclosporine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colite ulcerosa aguda grave]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[In&#64258;iximab]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Inibidores JAK]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ciclosporina]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dinesen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Protic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cummings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>431-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metzger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holsbø]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perduca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbonnel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic review with metaanalysis mortality in acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>8-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinhart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffiths]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Travis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satsangi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lémann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting the need for colectomy in severe ulcerative colitis a critical appraisal of clinical parameters and currently available biomarkers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almoudaris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akbar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colectomy rates for ulcerative colitis in England 2003-2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>484-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>van der Valk ME.Mangen MJJ.Leenders M.Dijkstra G.van Bodegraven AA.Fidder HH</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Healthcare costs of inflammatory bowel disease have shifted from hospitalisation and surgery towards anti-TNFa therapy results from the COIN study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>72-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Truelove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br Med J]]></source>
<year>1955</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>4947</numero>
<issue>4947</issue>
<page-range>1041-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lichtiger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Present]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kornbluth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelernt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<issue>26</issue>
<page-range>1841-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Assche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<collab>D'Haens G.Noman M.Vermeire S.Hiele M.Asnong K</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1025-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Järnerot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hertervig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friis-Liby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blomquist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karlén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grännö]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis a randomized, placebo-controlled study.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1805-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laharie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourreille]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouhnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filippi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>380</volume>
<numero>9857</numero>
<issue>9857</issue>
<page-range>1909-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alrubaiy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arnott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clement]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT) a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Brink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wildenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Kleij]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rispens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Loss of infliximab into feces is associated with lack of response to therapy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>350-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathôt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Kleij]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rispens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashruf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacokinetic features and presence of antidrug antibodies associate with response to infliximab induction therapy in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>251-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nalagatla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falloon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of accelerated infliximab induction on short- and long-term outcomes of acute severe ulcerative colitis: a retrospective multicenter study and metaanalysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>502-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebastian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argyriou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Los]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infliximab induction regimens in steroid-refractory acute severe colitis a multicentre retrospective cohort study with propensity score analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>675-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naymagon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sands]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[There is significant practice pattern variability in the management of the hospitalized ulcerative colitis patient at a tertiary care and IBD referral center]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>333-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordás]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domènech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mañosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iglesias-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peñalva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-term efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in a cohort of steroid-refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis patients from the ENEIDA registry (1989-2013) a Nationwide Multicenter Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1709-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laharie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourreille]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouhnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filippi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-term outcome of patients with steroid-refractory acute severe UC treated with ciclosporin or infliximab]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>237-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colombel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leontiadis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muqtadir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic review and meta-analysis infliximab or cyclosporine as rescue therapy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>477-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomollón-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Gisbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cyclosporine in the treatment of severe attack of ulcerative colitis a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>607-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weisshof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ollech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Jurdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yvellez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakuraba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ciclosporin therapy after infliximab failure in hospitalized patients with acute severe colitis is effective and safe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1105-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gisbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rescue therapies for steroid-refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>972-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ollech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dwadasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peleg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Normatov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Israel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of induction therapy with calcineurin inhibitors followed by vedolizumab maintenance in 71 patients with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>637-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Resál]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pigniczki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szántó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farkas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molnar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Letter ciclosporin and vedolizumab for steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>578-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefanescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbonnel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peyrin-Biroulet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roblin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allimant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of induction therapy with calcineurin inhibitors in combination with vedolizumab in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>494-501</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veyrard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laharie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nachury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juillerat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roblin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of induction therapy with calcineurin inhibitors in combination with ustekinumab for acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1354-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganzleben]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geppert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osaba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirschmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nägel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glück]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Successful cyclosporin and ustekinumab combination therapy in a patient with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Therap Adv Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>1756284820954112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Traboulsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krugliak Cleveland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combining cyclosporine with ustekinumab in acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACG Case Rep J]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takazoe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gut]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1255-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakuraba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus therapy for active ulcerative colitis a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>484-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Micic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakuraba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacologic therapies for severe steroid refractory hospitalized ulcerative colitis a network meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1143-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandborn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Su]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sands]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<collab>D'Haens GR.Vermeire S.Schreiber S</collab>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>376</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>1723-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loftus Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vermeire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schreiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION) a phase 2b/ 3 double-blind, randomised, placebocontrolled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>397</volume>
<numero>10292</numero>
<issue>10292</issue>
<page-range>2372-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vermeire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pangan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siffledeen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenbloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>399</volume>
<numero>10341</numero>
<issue>10341</issue>
<page-range>2113-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panaccione]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheifetz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PDR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib induction therapy reduces symptoms within 3 Days for patients with ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>139-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uzzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresteau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laharie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefanescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellanger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbonnel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib as salvage therapy for 55 patients hospitalised with refractory severe ulcerative colitis a GETAID cohort.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>312-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheehan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib for biologic-experienced hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis: a retrospective case-control study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>2112-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benoit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jairath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCurdy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of tofacitinib for hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis case series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Dis Sci]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>5213-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sachan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib in acute severe ulcerative colitis case series and a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>e101-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steenholdt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ovesen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brynskov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seidelin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib for acute severe ulcerative colitis a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1354-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Midha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahajan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib versus oral prednisolone for induction of remission in moderately active ulcerative colitis (ORCHID) a prospective, open-label, randomized, pilot study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>jjad153</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Begun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Upadacitinib salvage therapy for infliximab experienced patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>2033-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ringel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eitan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Openhaim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kayless]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Upadacitinib for acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1667-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Baut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirchgesner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amiot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lefevre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chafai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A scoring system to determine patients' risk of colectomy within 1 Year after hospital admission for acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1602-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldacre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mortality in patients with and without colectomy admitted to hospital for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease record linkage studies.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>335</volume>
<numero>7628</numero>
<issue>7628</issue>
<page-range>1033</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teeuwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stommel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bremers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Colectomy in patients with acute colitis a systematic review]]></article-title>
<collab>van der Wilt GJ.de Jong DJ.Bleichrodt RP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[J Gastrointest Surg]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>676-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Randall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Travis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mortensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Delayed surgery for acute severe colitis is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Surg]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>404-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sahu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kedia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vuyyuru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bajaj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Markandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Randomised clinical trial exclusive enteral nutrition versus standard of care for acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>568-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarabar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Jurdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Traboulsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yvellez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milenkovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A prospective trial with long term follow-up of patients with severe, steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis who received induction therapy with cyclosporine and were maintained with vedolizumab]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1549-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinnucan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JAR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stidham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficacy of induction therapy with highintensity tofacitinib in 4 patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>988-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotwani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terdiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib for rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis a real-world experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crohns Colitis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1026-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Honap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pavlidis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib in acute severe ulcerative colitis-a real-world tertiary center experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>e147-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jairath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib induced long-term clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission as a 6th line agent in medically refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>e35-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Success of cyclosporin and tofacitinib combination therapy in a patient with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inflamm Bowel Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>e157-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saraiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simões]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saiote]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tofacitinib an option for acute severe ulcerative colitis?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[GE Port J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>132-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
