<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2341-4545</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[GE-Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[GE Port J Gastroenterol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2341-4545</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Gastrenterologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2341-45452025000400001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000543713</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Long-Term Abdominal Drains as a Therapeutic Option in Refractory Ascites - A Systematic Review]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Drenos abdominais de longa duração como uma opção terapêutica na ascite refratária - uma revisão sistemática]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diogo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonçalves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[André]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caetano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Plácido Gomes Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atalaia-Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotrim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasconcelos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde da Região de Leiria Serviço de Gastrenterologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Leiria ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2341-45452025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2341-45452025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2341-45452025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Refractory ascites (RA) is the most common complication of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) with a signi&#64257;cant burden in terms of symptoms and overall quality of life (QoL). There are limited therapeutic options available for this population and most ultimately undergo serial large-volume paracentesis (LVP). Long-term abdominal drains (LTAD) are commonly used for malignant ascites drainage but not for ascites related to ESLD, due to concerns about kidney injury and infection.  Objectives:  This review aims to describe the safety, effectiveness, and impact on the QoL of LTAD in ESLD-related ascites.  Methods:  Using systematic review methodology, PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published between January 1, 2001, to June 1, 2024, combining medical subject headings (MeSH) ([cirrhosis OR chronic liver disease] AND refractory ascites AND [permanent-tunneled peritoneal catheter OR tunneled catheter OR indwelling catheter OR long-term abdominal drains]). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the results.  Results:  One hundred thirty-nine studies were identi&#64257;ed, with 16 deemed eligible for &#64257;nal analysis, including three randomized clinical trials. The studies varied in design, included different types of LTAD, and were generally of low quality, with many lacking statistical power due to small sample sizes. In terms of effectiveness, technical success was 100%, and as long as LTAD remains in situ, no need for additional LVP is required. Overall, the catheters remained in situ for periods ranging from 3 to 436 days. In terms of safety, kidney injury occurred in 17-50% of patients, but only if &gt;1.5 L/day were drained. Infections, including cellulitis and peritonitis, occurred in 7-58% of patients and were generally resolved with antibiotic therapy and/or device removal. LTAD do not appear to have a negative impact on mortality. Regarding QoL, the data are contradictory with most studies reporting an overall neutral effect.  Conclusion:  LTAD should be considered as an option in RA from ESLD in the future but more quality studies are needed to con&#64257;rm their safety and bene&#64257;ts in controlling symptoms. This could be an important step in terms of improving the palliative needs of this population.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução: A ascite refratária é a complicação mais comum da doença hepática terminal condicionando elevada morbilidade e impacto na qualidade de vida. Tendo em conta as opções terapêuticas limitadas, a maioria dos doentes acaba por realizar apenas paracenteses seriadas de grande volume. Utilizados na drenagem da ascite maligna, os drenos abdominais de longa duração, não são tradicionalmente utlizados na ascite relacionada com a doença hepática, devido a preocupações com a lesão renal e infeção.  Objetivos: Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever a segurança, efetividade e o impacto na qualidade de vida dos drenos abdominais de longa duração na ascite refratária da doença hepática terminal.  Métodos: Usando uma metodologia de revisão sistemática, foi realizada uma pes-quisa nos motores de pesquisa PubMed-MEDLINE, Em-base e Google Scholar para estudos publicados entre 1 de janeiro de 2001 e 1 de junho de 2024, que combinassem os seguintes termos médicos ([cirrhosis OR chronic liver disease] AND refractory ascites AND [permanent-tunneled peritoneal catheter OR tunneled catheter OR indwelling catheter OR long-term abdominal drains]). Aos resultados foram aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão.  Resultados: Foram identi&#64257;cados 139 estudos, dos quais apenas 16 foram elegíveis para análise &#64257;nal, incluindo três ensaios clínicos randomizados. Os estudos apresentaram uma heterogeneidade signi&#64257;cativa entre si e baixo poder estatístico, com diferentes tipos de drenos utilizados e amostras relativamente pequenas. Em termos de efetividade, o sucesso técnico é 100% e enquanto os drenos abdominais de longa duração permanecem in situ não existe necessidade de paracenteses de grande volume adicionais, sendo que os cateteres permaneceram in situ por uma duração entre 3 e 436 dias. No que toca à segurança, a lesão renal ocorreu em 17 a 50% dos doentes, mas apenas se drenados &gt;1,5 litros/dia; a infeção inclui a celulite e a peritonite que ocorreu em 7 a 58% dos doentes, geralmente resolúveis com a antibioterapia e/ou a remoção do dispositivo. Os drenos abdominais de longa duração não parecem ter um impacto negativo na mortalidade. Relativamente à qualidade de vida, os dados entre os estudos parecem contraditórios, sendo que a maioria reporta um efeito global neutro.  Conclusão: Os drenos abdominais de longa duração devem ser considerados no futuro como uma opção na ascite refratária associada à doença hepática terminal, no entanto, estudos de maior qualidade são necessários para con&#64257;rmar a sua segurança e ben-efícios no controlo de sintomas. Esta opção poderá ser importante na melhoria das necessidades paliativas desta população.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Refractory ascites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[End-stage liver disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Indwelling abdominal drains]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ascite refratária]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Doença hepática terminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Drenos abdominais permanentes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>European Association for the Study of the Liver</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corrigendum to "EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis"]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J hepatol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>406-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawaratani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoshiji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of refractory cirrhotic ascites: challenges and solutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepat Med]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>55-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Will]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berzigotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current treatment options of refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis - a systematic review and metaanalysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Liver Dis]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1007-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prentice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finlay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>British Association for the Study of the Liver/British Society of Gastroenterology (BASL/BSG) End of Life Special Interest Group</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Palliative long-term abdominal drains for the management of refractory ascites due to cirrhosis: a consensus document.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontline Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>e116-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hingwala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whitlock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunsmore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armstrong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tangri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Komenda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peritoneal dialysis catheters to treat refractory non-malignant ascites]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perit Dial Int]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>481-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tergast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griemsmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stockhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Port]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heidrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cornberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Daily low-volume paracentesis and clinical complications in patients with refractory ascites.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Netw Open]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pollard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bremner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Palliative longterm abdominal drains versus large volume paracentesis in refractory ascites due to cirrhosis (REDUCe study): qualitative outcomes.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain Symptom Manage]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>312-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobolth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mortensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tunneled peritoneal catheter for refractory ascites in cirrhosis: a randomized case-series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Kaunas]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>565</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messenger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Austin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tibble]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mason]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Palliative long-term abdominal drains in refractory ascites due to end-stage liver disease: a case series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Palliat Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>671-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kathpalia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhatia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertazzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sontag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Indwelling peritoneal catheters in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intern Med J.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1026-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bremner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Touray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Randomised clinical trial: palliative long-term abdominal drains vs large-volume paracentesis in refractory ascites due to cirrhosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>107-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ngu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papaluca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pianko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short-term intraperitoneal catheters: an ambulatory care intervention for refractory ascites secondary to cirrhosis during COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JGH Open]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1154-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walayat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jinma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragunathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Large- volume paracentesis with indwelling peritoneal catheter and albumin infusion: a community hospital study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>3242</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lungren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tunneled peritoneal drainage catheter placement for refractory ascites: single-center experience in 188 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Vasc Interv Radiol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1303-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tergast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griemsmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stockhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heidrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schirmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenzen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Home-based, tunnelled peritoneal drainage system as an alternative treatment option for patients with refractory ascites]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aliment Pharmacol Ther.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>529-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Speakman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tunnelled peritoneal drainage catheter placement for the palliative management of refractory ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontline Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>108-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riedel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobolth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gluud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prognosis of patients with ascites after PleurX insertion: an observational study.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>340-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinglas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amjadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrcich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Momoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw-Stiffel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The palliative management of refractory cirrhotic ascites using the PleurX ((c)) catheter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>2016</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Höner Zu Siederdissen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taubert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziegert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Port]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Home-based drainage of refractory ascites by a permanenttunneled peritoneal catheter can safely replace large-volume paracentesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>539-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paparoupa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wege]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Creutzfeldt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sebode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uzunoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boenisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perforation of the ascending colon during implantation of an indwelling peritoneal catheter: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>345</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
