<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2504-3145</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Portuguese Journal of Public Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Port J Public Health]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2504-3145</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2504-31452021000300137</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000519472</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Risk of COVID-19 in Health Professionals: A Case-Control Study, Portugal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Risco de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde: estudo de caso-controlo, Portugal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucaccioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héloïse]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana Perez]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balasegaram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sooria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rita Sá]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Directorate-General of Health Division of Epidemiology and Statistics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Stockholm ]]></addr-line>
<country>Sweden</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,ACeS Oeste Norte Public Health Unit ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,National School of Public Health  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,ARS Norte ACeS Porto Ocidental Public Health Unit]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Public Health England  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[London ]]></addr-line>
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>137</fpage>
<lpage>144</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300137&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Health professionals face higher occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to estimate the risk of COVID-19 test positivity in health professionals compared to non-health professionals.  Methods:  We conducted a test-negative case-control study using Portuguese national surveillance data (January to May 2020). Cases were suspected cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; controls were suspected cases who tested negative. We used multivariable logistic regression modelling to estimate the odds ratio of a positive COVID-19 test (RT-PCR; primary outcome), comparing health professionals and non-health professionals (primary exposure), and adjusting for the confounding effect of demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics, and the modification effect of the self-reported epidemiological link (i.e., self-reported contact with a COVID-19 case or person with COVID-19-like symptoms).  Results:  Health professionals had a 2-fold higher risk of a positive COVID-19 test result (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.69-2.11). However, this association was strongly modified by the self-report of an epidemiological link such that, among cases who did report an epidemiological link, being a health professional was a protective factor (aOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98).  Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that health professionals might be primarily infected by unknown contacts, plausibly in the healthcare setting, but also that their occupational exposure does not systematically translate into a higher risk of transmission. We suggest that this could be interpreted in light of different types and timing of exposure, and variability in risk perception and associated preventive behaviours.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  Os profissionais de saúde têm uma maior exposição profissional à SARS-CoV-2. O objetivo era estimar o risco de testar positivo para SARS-CoV-2 em profissionais de saúde.  Métodos:  Foi realizado um estudo teste-negativo caso-controlo utilizando os dados de vigilância epidemiológica nacional (Janeiro-Maio 2020). Casos foram definidos como casos suspeitos que testaram positivo para SARS-CoV-2 (RTPCR), e os controlos como casos suspeitos que testaram negativo. Foi aplicado um modelo de regressão logística multivariável para estimar o odds ratio de teste positivo para SARS-CoV-2, comparando profissionais de saúde e não profissionais de saúde, ajustado para as características demográficas, clínicas e epidemiológicas, e a modificação de efeito com o autorrelato duma ligação epidemiológica (i.e., contacto auto-reportado com um caso COVID-19 ou uma pessoa com sintomas semelhantes aos da COVID-19).  Resultados:  Os profissionais de saúde tiveram um risco duas vezes maior de testar positivo para SARS-CoV-2 (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.69-2.11). No entanto, esta associação era fortemente modificada pelo autorrelato de uma ligação epidemiológica, de tal forma que entre os casos que relataram uma ligação epidemiológica, ser profissional de saúde revelou-se fator de proteção (aOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98).  Conclusão:  Os nossos resultados sugerem que os profissionais de saúde podem estar infetados principalmente por contactos desconhecidos, plausivelmente em instituições de saúde, e a exposição profissional não se traduz sistematicamente num maior risco de transmissão. Isto poderá ser interpretado à luz de diferentes tipos e tempos de exposição, e da variabilidade na perceção do risco e dos comportamentos preventivos associados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Health professionals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Portugal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Profissionais de saúde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Portugal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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