<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2504-3145</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Portuguese Journal of Public Health]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Port J Public Health]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2504-3145</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2504-31452021000300163</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000521726</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis and/or HIV infection and associated socio-behavioural factors in immigrants, in Portugal: a cross-sectional, community-based descriptive study]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Tuberculose e/ou infeção pelo VIH e fatores sociocomportamentais associados em imigrantes, em Portugal: um estudo transversal descritivo de base comunitária]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rhaisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Couto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pingarilho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fronteira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inês]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Nova de Lisboa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>169</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2504-31452021000300163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Portugal is one of the countries in Western Europe with the highest prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prevalence among migrants is estimated to be higher than among non-migrants, which suggests a greater vulnerability of this population.  Aim:  To describe the distribution of TB, HIV and HIV-TB co-infection and socio-behavioural factors associated with immigrants that lived in the metropolitan area of Lisbon and used the services of a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO).  Methods:  Quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive pilot study. An anonymous and structured questionnaire developed specifically for the study was applied by NGO employees duly trained for this purpose to a purposeful sample of 100 immigrants attending health services in an NGO in the metropolitan area of Lisbon, Portugal.  Results:  The prevalence of HIV-TB extrapulmonary coinfection and HIV infection was 1% (n = 1) and 17% (n = 17), respectively. Only 1 immigrant had 4 out of the 5 symptoms suggestive of TB. No cases of pulmonary TB were identified, although 3 of the immigrants reported having been treated for pulmonary TB in the past. The participants were young, mainly female and some were male-to-female transsexuals. Most were from the community of Portuguese-speaking countries, especially from Brazil, and almost half of them had not regularized their immigration status. Additionally, almost one-fifth of immigrants were unemployed (17%), and one-sixth performed sex work (14%). Most of the participants (71%) sometimes used or never used a condom during sexual intercourse. Additionally, 40% revealed using illicit drugs and 1% said that they had shared injection material in the last 12 months.  Discussion:  Being non-employed, with a low income and a lower level of education, consumption of illicit drugs and regular tobacco consumption were common characteristics in the immigrants studied, which points out social and economic disadvantages that could influence the risk of acquiring HIV and TB. Policies on latent TB infection and TB diagnosis are urgently needed, mainly aimed at vulnerable groups and culturally diverse populations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Introdução:  Portugal é um dos países da Europa Ocidental com a maior prevalência de Tuberculose (TB) e Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (VIH). Estima-se que a prevalência entre os migrantes seja mais elevada do que entre os não migrantes, o que sugere uma maior vulnerabilidade desta população.  Objetivo:  Descrever a distribuição da tuberculose, do VIH e dos fatores sócio-comportamentais associados em imigrantes da área metropolitana de Lisboa que usavam os serviços de uma ONG.  Métodos:  Estudo piloto quantitativo, transversal e descritivo. Foi aplicado um questionário anónimo e estruturado desenvolvido especificamente para o estudo, por funcionários de uma ONG da área metropolitana de Lisboa, Portugal, devidamente formados para o efeito, a uma amostra intencional de 100 imigrantes.  Resultados:  A prevalência de coinfecção extrapulmonar por HIV-TB e infeção por HIV foi de 1,0% (n = 1) e 17,0% (n = 17), respetivamente. Apenas 1% dos imigrantes apresentavam todos os sintomas sugestivos de tuberculose. Não foram identificados casos de tuberculose pulmonar, embora três dos imigrantes tenham sido tratados para a tuberculose pulmonar no passado. Os imigrantes eram jovens, principalmente do sexo feminino e alguns eram transexuais do sexo masculino para o sexo feminino. A maioria era oriunda da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa, principalmente do Brasil, e quase metade não havia regularizado a situação migratória. Além disso, quase um quinto estava desempregado (17%), e um sexto realizava trabalho sexual (14%). A maioria dos participantes (71%) nunca ou às vezes usava preservativo nas relações sexuais; somado ao fato de 40,0% revelarem uso de drogas ilícitas e 1% ter relatado ter compartilhado material injetável nos últimos doze meses.  Conclusão:  Estar desempregado, ter baixos rendimentos e baixo nível de educação, consumir drogas ilícitas e consumir regularmente tabaco foram características comuns nos imigrantes estudados que apontam para desvantagens sociais e económicas que podem influenciar o risco de VIH e TB. Por conseguinte, são urgentemente necessárias políticas de rastreio de tuberculose latente e diagnóstico de tuberculose, destinadas principalmente a grupos vulneráveis e populações culturalmente diversas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Immigrants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tuberculosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV-AIDS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV-tuberculosis co-infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epidemiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Imigrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Tuberculose]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[VIH-SIDA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Coinfecção VIHtuberculose]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Epidemiologia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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