<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2795-4757</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2795-4757</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OBSERVATÓRIO POLÍTICO ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2795-47572023000100037</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59071/2795-4765.rpcp2023.19/pp-37-48</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[European Responses to Ukraine&#8217;s nuclear idiosyncrasies: from Kyiv&#8217;s independence to Moscow&#8217;s aggression (1991-2022) 1]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[As respostas europeias às idiossincrasias nucleares ucranianas: da independência de Kiev à agressão de Moscovo (1991-2022)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adérito]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Mechnikov National University Odesa Center for Nonproliferation, Odesa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ukraine</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract From Ukraine&#8217;s independence in 1991 to Russia&#8217;s full-fledged invasion of Ukrainian territory in 2022, the European Union&#8217;s (EU) international involvement in Kyiv&#8217;s nuclear status can be cha- racterized from an elusive and marginal common policy in the sphere of nuclear disarmament to an &#8216;unassuming&#8217; common and coherent non-proliferation policy. During this period, Brussels relied on Washington to take the lead. In this context, my objective is to describe what was and is the role of the EU in Ukraine&#8217;s nuclear status. The EU&#8217;s involvement (even if marginal) can be analysed into two distinct timeframes. First, I propose to study the role of the EU during the period between the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the complete dismantlement of nuclear weapons in Ukraine after the signature of the so-called Budapest Memorandum. Second, I exa- mine the EU efforts to promote non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament agenda between two critical junctures: 2014 Russia&#8217;s covert invasion of eastern Ukraine and 2022 Moscow&#8217;s full-fledged invasion of Ukraine territory. In the end, I also scrutinize the effects of these two major events on the current European security and nuclear order.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Desde a independência da Ucrânia em 1991 até a invasão em larga escala do território ucraniano por parte da Rússia em 2022, o envolvimento internacional da União Europeia (UE) na postura nuclear de Kiev pode ser caracterizado como partindo de uma política comum vaga e marginal na esfera do desarmamento para uma política comum &#8216;despretensiosa&#8217; e coerente de não-prolife- ração nuclear. Durante este período, Bruxelas contou com Washington para assumir a liderança desse processo. Neste contexto, o meu objetivo é descrever qual foi e é o papel da UE na postura nuclear da Ucrânia. Assim sendo, proponho que o envolvimento da UE (mesmo que marginal) pode ser analisado em dois períodos distintos. Em primeiro lugar, estudo o papel da UE durante o período entre a dissolução da União Soviética e o desmantelamento completo das armas nu- cleares na Ucrânia depois da assinatura do chamado Memorando de Budapeste. Em segundo lugar, examino os esforços da UE para promover a não-proliferação e a agenda de desarmamento nuclear entre os dois momentos críticos da história recente ucraniana: por um lado, a da invasão encoberta da Rússia ao leste da Ucrânia em 2014, e, por outro lado, a invasão total ao território ucraniano por parte de Moscovo em 2022. No fim, examino também os efeitos desses eventos para a atual ordem nuclear e de segurança europeia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Budapest Memorandum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[European Union]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[disarmament]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nuclear weapons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ukraine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[armas nucleares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desarmamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Memorando de Budapeste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ucrânia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[União Europeia]]></kwd>
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