<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2795-4757</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2795-4757</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OBSERVATÓRIO POLÍTICO ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2795-47572023000100049</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59071/2795-4765.rpcp2023.19/pp-49-68</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Wagner Group: An instrument of Russian foreign policy?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Grupo Wagner: Um instrumento de Política Externa da Rússia?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla Conceição da Silva]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kostiuk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oleksandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yegho Preisigke Luxinger]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon International Economics and European Studies, Business&amp;Economics School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,NOVA University Communication Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon Institute of Social and Political Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>68</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000100049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In an international context where states seek to diversify their means of external projection, con- sistent with their traditionalism, Russia maintains a traditional vision of power. In this context, the Wagner Group has emerged as a new instrument that can be used in the pursuit of Russian interests and objectives abroad. Through a comparative case study that draws on Western and Russian academic and journalistic sources, as well as Russian strategic and legal documents, the research aims to understand the role of the Wagner Group in Russian foreign policy. To this end, we begin by investigating the concept of a private military company, then we look into the Group&#8217;s origin, history of operations and modus operandi. In addition, we identify other &#8216;Wes- tern&#8217; private military companies and compare their activities and the level of scrutiny they receive in relation to the Russian group. We conclude our research by identifying attempts by internatio- nal law to respond to the emergence of Wagner and other private military groups.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Num contexto internacional em que os Estados procuram diversificar os seus meios de projeção externa, de forma coerente com o seu tradicionalismo, a Rússia mantém uma visão tradicional de poder. Nesse contexto, o Grupo Wagner emergiu como um novo instrumento que pode ser usado na prossecução de interesses e objetivos russos no estrangeiro. Através de um estudo de caso comparativo que busca fontes académicas e jornalísticas, ocidentais e russas, assim como documentos estratégicos e jurídicos russos, a investigação pretende compreender qual o papel do Grupo Wagner na Política Externa da Rússia. Para isso, começamos por investigar o conceito de empresa militar privada, a seguir, procuramos a origem, o histórico de operações e o modus operandi do Grupo. Ademais, identificamos outras empresas militares privadas &#8220;ocidentais&#8221; e comparamos as suas atividades e o nível de escrutínio que estas recebem em relação ao grupo russo. Concluímos a investigação identificando tentativas de resposta do Direito Internacional ao surgimento da Wagner e de outros grupos militares privados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wagner Group]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[private military companies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[foreign policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Russia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Grupo Wagner]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[empresas militares privadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[política externa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Rússia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OHCHR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[H&#1085;o&#1086;&#1088;&#1084;&#1072;uN&#1103; &#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;H O&#1077;A&#1077;&#1088;&#1072;uNN &#1086; &#1087;&#1086;A&#1093;&#1086;A&#1072;&#1093; &#1082; &#1074;&#1086;&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1072;&#1084; &#1085;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;N&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1072; A&#1083;&#1103; &#1074;&#1082;&#1083;&#1102;&#1095;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1103; &#1074; A&#1086;&#1082;&#1083;&#1072;A &#1056;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1095;&#1077;H &#1075;&#1088;&#1091;&#1087;&#1087;&#1099; &#1087;&#1086; &#1074;&#1086;&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1091; &#1086;&#1073; N&#1089;&#1087;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1079;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;NN &#1085;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;N&#1082;&#1086;&#1074; &#1082;&#1072;&#1082; &#1089;&#1088;&#1077;A&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1088;&#1091;&#1096;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1103; &#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074; &#1095;&#1077;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072; N &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1090;N&#1074;&#1086;A&#1077;H&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;N&#1103; &#1086;&#1089;&#1091;&#1097;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1102; &#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; &#1085;&#1072;&#1088;&#1086;A&#1086;&#1074; &#1085;&#1072; &#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1086;&#1086;&#1087;&#1088;&#1077;A&#1077;&#1083;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1077; &#1057;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072; &#1054;&#1054;&#1053; &#1087;&#1086; &#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1084; &#1095;&#1077;&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1082;&#1072;]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>AFP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s Wagner In Mali, Libya &#8220;On Commercial Basis&#8221;: Lavrov]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Federal Assembly</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;&#1103; 359. &#1053;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;N&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086; (Article 359o - Mercenaries)]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Moscow ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Federal Assembly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Federal Assembly</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;&#1103; 9. &#1055;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072; N &#1086;&#1073;&#1103;&#1079;&#1072;&#1085;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;N &#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1078;A&#1072;&#1085; &#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;H O&#1077;A&#1077;&#1088;&#1072;uNN &#1074; &#1086;&#1073;&#1083;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;N &#1086;&#1073;&#1086;&#1088;&#1086;&#1085;&#1099; (Article 9o Rights and duties of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of defence)]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Moscow ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Federal Assembly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Federal Assembly</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#1057;&#1090;&#1072;&#1090;&#1100;&#1103; 71 &#1042; &#1074;&#1077;A&#1077;&#1085;NN &#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;H O&#1077;A&#1077;&#1088;&#1072;uNN &#1085;&#1072;&#1093;&#1086;A&#1103;&#1090;&#1089;&#1103; (Article 71º) The Russian Federa- tion shall have jurisdiction over]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Moscow ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Federal Assembly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>BBC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ukraine conflict: What we know about the invasion]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belmonte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sudan denies the presence of Russian Wagner Group mercenaries on its territory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[from Atalayar website]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butler J]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Who Are the Private Military and Security Contractors? A Window to a New Profession]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In The Sociology of Privatized Security]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>237-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butler J]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stephens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Who Are the Private Military and Security Contractors? A Win- dow to a New Profession]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In O. Swed &amp; T. Crosbie (Eds.), The Sociology of Privatised Security]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Private military companies: Their status under international humanitarian law and its impact on their regulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of the Red Cross]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>863</numero>
<issue>863</issue>
<page-range>573-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CNN</collab>
<source><![CDATA[February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>International Committee of the Red Cross</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Geneva]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Concord Group</collab>
<source><![CDATA[#639 &#1047;&#1072;&#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1089; &#1086;&#1090; &#1088;&#1077;A&#1072;&#1082;uNN &#1083;N&#1074;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; N&#1079;A&#1072;&#1085;N&#1103; Sadadahya news N &#1086;&#1090;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090; (#639 Sadadahya news request and the response)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Constellis</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Leadership]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Constellis</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Services]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coynash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Ukrainian regional news site&#8217; linked with Putin chef &#8217;s Internet troll factory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[from Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group website]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>DCAF</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Private Military Companies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[DCAF Backgrounder]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>DCAF</collab>
<source><![CDATA[About us]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#1071;, &#1057;N&#1083;&#1086;&#1074;N&#1082;. The GRU]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Security Distillery]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russia: National Security Strategy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In P. Seabra (Ed.), IDN Notebooks: Strategic Do- cuments on Security and Defence]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>121-30</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute of National Defence]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flanagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russian mercenaries help put down Sudan protests]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Sunday Times website]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fontanka</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;&#1057;&#1083;&#1072;&#1074;&#1103;&#1085;&#1089;&#1082;NH &#1082;&#1086;&#1088;&#1087;&#1091;&#1089;&#8221; &#1074;&#1086;&#1079;&#1074;&#1088;&#1072;&#1097;&#1072;&#1077;&#1090;&#1089;&#1103; &#1074; &#1057;N&#1088;N&#1102; (&#8220;Slavic body&#8221; returned to Syria)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galeotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Russian Security and Paramilitary Forces since 1991]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>GardaWorld</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Home Page]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Google Scholar</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Rise and Fall of a Russian Mercenary Army]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[from Foreign Policy website]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffman F]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arlington: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Human Rights Watch</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Central African Republic: Abuses by Russia-Linked Forces]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ICoCA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ABOUT US]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ICoCA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Members Archive]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deal allowing Russian mercenaries into Mali is close - sources Reuters]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reuters website]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doxsee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Moscow&#8217;s Mercenary Wars: The Expansion of Rus- sian Private Military Companies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[from Center for Strategic and International Studies website]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>KBR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Experience]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khodarenok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#1053;&#1072; &#1082;&#1072;&#1082;N&#1093; &#1086;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;N&#1103;&#1093; &#1088;&#1072;&#1073;&#1086;&#1090;&#1072;&#1102;&#1090; &#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;N&#1077; Private armies want to legitimise themselves]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[&#1043;&#1072;&#1079;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;.Ru]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leviev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[They fought for Palmyra... again: Russian mercenaries killed in battle with ISIS]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[from Conflict Intelligence Team website]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maglov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olevsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treschanin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#1063;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1100; 4. &#1058;&#1072;H&#1085;&#1086;&#1077; &#1079;&#1072;&#1074;&#1086;&#1077;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;N&#1077; &#1040;o&#1088;N&#1082;N Part 4]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The secret conquest of Africa]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malesevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From Mercenaries to Private Patriots]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[In The Sociology of Privatized Security]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>45-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Russia&#8217;s use of semi-state security forces: the case of the Wagner Group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Post-Soviet Affairs]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>181-204</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Montreux</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ICRC Resource Centre S]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Wagner Group&#8217;s Playbook in Africa: Mali]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Po- licy Research Institute website]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>President of the Russian Federation</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#1057;&#1086;&#1074;&#1077;&#1090; &#1041;&#1077;&#1079;&#1086;&#1087;&#1072;&#1089;&#1085;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;N &#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;H O&#1077;A&#1077;&#1088;&#1072;uNN (National Security Strategy)]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Moscow ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rácz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Band of Brothers: The Wagner Group and the Russian State - Center for Strategic and In- ternational Studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies website]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reynolds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Putin&#8217;s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Car- negie Endowment for International Peace - Papers, (July), n/a]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Russia moved into Central Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reuters]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nechepurenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chivers C]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The truth about the brutal four-hour battle betwe- en Russian mercenaries and US commandos in Syria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Independent]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Swiss FDFA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Participating States of the Montreux Document]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Bell</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#1063;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1085;&#1072;&#1103; &#1072;&#1088;&#1084;N&#1103; A&#1083;&#1103; &#1087;&#1088;&#1077;&#1079;NA&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1072;: N&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;N&#1103; &#1089;&#1072;&#1084;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; A&#1077;&#1083;N&#1082;&#1072;&#1090;&#1085;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1087;&#1086;&#1088;&#1091;&#1095;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1103; &#1045;&#1074;&#1075;&#1077;&#1085;N&#1103; &#1055;&#1088;N&#1075;&#1086;&#1078;N&#1085;&#1072; (Private army for the president: the story of Evgenii Prigozhin&#8217;s most delicate task)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coxsee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermudez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tracking the Arrival of Russia&#8217;s Wagner Group in Mali]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Center for Strategic Studies &amp; International Studies website]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>TOR International</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Home Page. Retrieved 22 May 2022, from https://www.torinternational.com/ Tsvetkova, M., &amp; Zverev, A. (2019)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Exclusive: Kremlin-linked contractors help guard Venezuela&#8217;s Maduro-sources. Retrieved 21 May 2022]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Virginia State Clerk&#8217;s Information System</collab>
<source><![CDATA[State Corporation Commission]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yermakova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batyrkhanov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#1047;&#1072;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1096;&#1077;&#1085;&#1086; &#1088;&#1072;&#1089;&#1089;&#1083;&#1077;A&#1086;&#1074;&#1072;&#1085;N&#1077; &#1087;&#1077;&#1088;&#1074;&#1086;&#1075;&#1086; &#1074; &#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NN A&#1077;&#1083;&#1072; &#1086; &#1085;&#1072;&#1077;&#1084;&#1085;N&#1082;&#1072;&#1093; The first case of mercenaries in Russia is concluded]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Izvestia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamakhina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#1042; &#1043;&#1086;&#1089;A&#1091;&#1084;&#1091; &#1074;&#1085;&#1077;&#1089;&#1077;&#1085; &#1087;&#1088;&#1086;&#1077;&#1082;&#1090; &#1086; &#1095;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1074;&#1086;&#1077;&#1085;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1082;&#1086;&#1084;&#1087;&#1072;&#1085;N&#1103;&#1093; Bill on private military companies tabled in the State Duma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[&#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;NH&#1089;&#1082;&#1072;&#1103; &#1075;&#1072;&#1079;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
