<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2795-4757</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2795-4757</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OBSERVATÓRIO POLÍTICO ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2795-47572023000200051</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59071/2795-4765.rpcp2023.20/pp-51-65</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Air Iron Curtain of the 21st Century: the Ukraine of the Air]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A Cortina de Ferro Aérea do Século XXI: as Ucrânias do Ar]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho Instituto de Ciências Sociais Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>65</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2795-47572023000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract &#8220;Ukraine&#8221; means borderland and the concept of border encompasses the notion of lines that de- termine the land, sea and air spaces of sovereignty and responsibility of all Nation-States. As so, we can argue that aerial ukraines are defined by the so-called Flight Information Regions (FIR). The Nation-States or the groups of Nation-States should guarantee the safety and assistance of aircraft operating in their respective FIR. However, they can also close them for national security reasons, especially in cases of war, or use them as political and geopolitical tools, to obtain advan- tages over other Nation-Sates, namely their opponents. By studying the main events regarding aviation&#8217;s history like the first international flight and the events occurred since the 2004 presi- dential elections in Ukraine and the political decisions regarding sanctions, this article addresses the effects of the Ukrainian war on the Eurasian aviation, discussing, among other themes, the geographical, geopolitical, social, and economic implications. After three decades of globaliza- tion, it was perhaps inconceivable to return to a world of closed skies. However, that reality is back and even if it isn&#8217;t transversal to the entire world, the political weight of the rise of an aerial iron curtain of the 21st century is undeniable.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A palavra &#8220;Ucrânia&#8221; significa fronteira e o conceito de fronteira engloba a noção de linhas que determinam os espaços terrestres, marítimos e aéreos de soberania e responsabilidade dos Es- tados. Podemos argumentar, então, que as ucrânias aéreas são definidas pelas chamadas Flight Information Regions (FIR). Os Estados ou os grupos de Estados devem garantir a segurança e assistência das aeronaves que operam nas respetivas FIR. No entanto, os Estados também podem fechá-las por razões de segurança nacional, sobretudo em caso de guerra, ou utilizá-las como instrumentos políticos e geopolíticos, para obter vantagens sobre outros Estados, nomeadamen- te os seus adversários. Ao analisar os principais acontecimentos da história da aviação como o primeiro voo internacional; os acontecimentos ocorridos desde as eleições presidenciais de 2004 na Ucrânia e as decisões políticas em matéria de sanções, este artigo aborda os efeitos da guerra na Ucrânia na aviação euroasiática, discutindo, entre outras abordagens, as suas implicações ge- ográficas, geopolíticas e económicas. Após três décadas de globalização talvez fosse inconcebível retornar a um mundo de céus fechados. No entanto, essa realidade voltou e mesmo que não seja transversal a todo o mundo, o peso político da ascensão de uma cortina de ferro aérea no século XXI é inegável.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aviation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[borders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flight Information Regions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Russia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sanctions and Ukraine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[aviação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Flight Information Regions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fronteiras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Rússia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sanções e Ucrânia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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