<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2795-4757</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Political Observer]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2795-4757</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OBSERVATÓRIO POLÍTICO ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2795-47572024000200065</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59071/2795-4765.rpcp2024.22/pp.65-76</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Political Invisibility as Resistance: Unpacking Enloe&#8217;s Zapatismo and the Normative Blindspots of International Relations]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A invisibilidade política como resistência: Desvendando o Zapatismo de Enloe e os Pontos Cegos Normativos das Relações Internacionais]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ugalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elliot Goodell]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Queen&#8217;s University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>22</numero>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>76</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2795-47572024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2795-47572024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2795-47572024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Building upon Cynthia Enloe&#8217;s critique (2004) of the normative assumptions underlying orthodox International Relations (IR) theories, this article examines the epistemological and ontological foundations of these theories in the context of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) uprising following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By integrating critical theory perspectives, it investigates how the valuation of epistemologies within orthodox IR and the perceived immutability of cen tral-peripheral dynamics contribute to political invisibility imposed on peripheral actors. The article contextualizes the relationship between NAFTA and Zapatismo, demonstrating how the neoliberal policies embodied in NAFTA exacerbated Indigenous marginalization, thereby catalyzing the EZLN uprising. Employing Enloe&#8217;s evaluation of the EZLN case study, alongside the works of adjacent critical theorists, it demonstrates how critical theory can challenge problem-solving theories&#8217; ontological and epistemological assumptions. It concludes that these assumptions synthesize to impose political invisibility onto peripheral actors, which, if exploited properly, can paradoxically emancipate these actors.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Com base na crítica de Cynthia Enloe (2004) aos pressupostos normativos subjacentes às teorias ortodoxas das Relações Internacionais (RI), este artigo examina os fundamentos epistemológicos e ontológicos destas teorias no contexto da revolta do Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional (EZLN) após a implementação do Acordo de Comércio Livre da América do Norte (NAFTA). Ao integrar perspetivas da teoria crítica, o artigo investiga a forma como a valorização das epistemologias no âmbito das RI ortodoxas e a perceção da imutabilidade das dinâmicas centro-periféricas contribuem para a invisibilidade política imposta aos atores periféricos. O artigo contextualiza a relação entre o NAFTA e o Zapatismo, demonstrando como as políticas neoliberais incorporadas no NAFTA exacerbaram a marginalização indígena, catalisando assim a revolta do EZLN. Empregando a avaliação de Enloe do estudo de caso do EZLN, juntamente com os trabalhos de teóricos críticos adjacentes, demonstra como a teoria crítica pode desafiar os pressupostos ontológicos e epistemológicos das teorias de resolução de problemas. Conclui que estes pressupostos se sintetizam para impor invisibilidade política aos atores periféricos, o que, se for devidamente explorado, pode paradoxalmente emancipar esses atores.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political invisibility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[zapatismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EZLN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NAFTA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[critical theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[state-centricity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[indigenous epistemologies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neoliberalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[postcolonial critique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[eurocentrism.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[invisibilidade política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[zapatismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[EZLN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[NAFTA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[teoria crítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estado-centrismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[epistemologias indígenas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[neoliberalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crítica pós-colonial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[eurocentrismo.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Little]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why international relations has failed as an intellectual project and what to do about it]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Millennium]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>19-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Çapan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decolonising international relations?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Millennium]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>126-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enloe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Margins, silences and bottom rungs: How to overcome the underestimation of power in the study of international relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Curious Feminist: Searching for women in a new age of empire]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>19-42</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press. [e-book]]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Base and superstructure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Socialism]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>3-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Janus and Minerva: Essays in the theory and practice of international politics]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<page-range>3-24</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge. [e-book]]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Explaining and understanding international relations]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>45-91</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Clarendon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krishna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the pitfalls of geo-cultural pluralism in IR]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Politics Reviews]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International relations: One world, many theories]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>29-32</numero>
<issue>29-32</issue>
<page-range>34-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why is there no international theory?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Politics]]></source>
<year>1960</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>35-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zalewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;All these theories yet the bodies keep piling up&#8217;: Theories, theorists, theorising]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zalewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International theory: Positivism and beyond]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>340-53</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zvobgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why race matters in international relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
