<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2976-0526</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Portuguese Kidney Journal (PKJ)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[PKJ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2976-0526</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Nefrologia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2976-05262024000300041</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.71749/pkj.40</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Frequency of Th1 and Th17 Cells and IL&#8209;17A Levels in Peripheral Blood and Peritoneal Effluent in a Cohort of Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Cross&#8209;Sectional Study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grilo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catarina Reis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coutinho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inês]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chorão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raquel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filipe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui Alves]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mafalda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidade Local de Saúde de Castelo Branco Nephrology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Castelo Branco ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Beira Interior CICS -UBI - Health Sciences Research Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Covilhã ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira (CHUCB) Clinical Pathology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Covilhã ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2976-05262024000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2976-05262024000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2976-05262024000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is characterized by an immune imbalance. In peritoneal dialysis (PD), chronic exposure to high&#8209;load glucose solutions may further aggravate such disturbances. Among these inflammatory mediators, T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells as well as interleukin 17A (IL&#8209;17A) seem to stand out. We aimed to quantify the frequency of Th1 and Th17 cell subsets and IL&#8209;17A levels in blood and peritoneal effluent (PE), looking at the peritoneal membrane (PM) and PD prescription characteristics as potential immune modulators.  Methods: Cross&#8209;sectional study of 26 PD patients and 10 healthy, age and sex&#8209;matched controls. Cell frequencies were determined by flow cytometry and IL&#8209;17A concentration was measured by enzyme&#8209;linked immunosorbent assay. PD patients were evaluated according to PD prescription and PM characteristics.  Results: Blood Th1 cells&#8217; frequency was decreased in PD patients (p=0.001) and icodextrin users had a lower frequency of Th17 cells, when compared to healthy controls (p=0.030). The immune cell profile of PE mimicked that of blood, except for Th1 cells, whose frequency was higher in PE (p&lt;0.001). IL&#8209;17A concentration was higher in PE (p=0.039), without a concomitant increase in Th17 cells. In subgroup analysis, increased IL&#8209;17A was documented in PE of patients in automated PD (p=0.028) and those without a previous history of peritonitis (p=0.022).  Conclusion: Long&#8209;term PD seems to modify both circulating and peritoneal immune cell profiles. The distribution of immune cells in PE closely mirrored that of blood, except for Th1 cells. Increased IL&#8209;17A levels in PE may explain the deleterious long&#8209;term effects of PD in the PM.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Interleukin&#8209;17]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peritoneal Dialysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Renal Insufficiency, Chronic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Th1 Cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Th17 Cells]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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