Introduction:

The incidence of hemorrhoidal disease (HD) in cirrhotic patients is similar to that of general population, varying between 21% and 79%. Managing this clinical condition in these patients is challenging, due to the need to differentiate between bleeding originating from hemorrhoids or anorectal varices, and the unique hemostatic balance of each patient, which can lead to a decompensation of liver function and subsequently increase the anesthetic risk. To date, there are no systematic reviews specifically addressing this topic.

Methods:

This was a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were retrieved from three electronic databases. Efficacy (symptomatic improvement, patient satisfaction, quality of life improvement, disease recurrence/need for surgery and/or hemorrhoidal prolapse reduction in anoscopy) and safety (reported adverse events) outcomes were evaluated. Data from each study were initially described individually, followed by a comparative analysis for procedures applied in multiple studies.

Results: Six studies were included - 1 randomized clinical trial (RCT), 2 prospective cohort studies, 1 retrospective cohort study, and 2 case series. The considered techniques encompassed rubber band ligation (RBL), injection sclerotherapy (IS) using 3 agents - aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA), ethanolamine oleate 5% (EAO), or N-butyl-cyano-acrylate, hemorrhoidopexy, and emborrhoid technique. RBL showed great symptomatic improvement and patient satisfaction in 63% and 73% of patients, respectively, and in 90% was associated with one-grade prolapse reduction after only one session. The most frequently reported adverse events included pain (16%) and ulceration/fissure (1-17%). Concerning IS, symptomatic improvement was observed in all patients. Recurrence rates varied with the agent used (EAO: 13% at 12 months; N-butyl-cyanoacrylate: 40% at 12 months; ALTA: 18% at 5 years), and 86.7% of patients exhibited more than one-grade reduction after the initial session. The most frequent adverse event was pain (EAO: 63%; N-butyl-cyanoacrylate: 60%). Stapled hemorrhoidopexy resulted in symptomatic improvement in all patients, although associated with a recurrence rate of 25%within 4 months. With an emborrhoid technique, 80% of the patients showed clinical improvement at a 3-month follow-up, without significant adverse events, at the cost of a 40%recurrence rate.

Conclusions:

All the treatment methods assessed in the included studies appear to be effective and safe in cirrhotic patients. This assumption challenges pre-vious concerns regarding significant bleeding after office-based procedures like RBL in this population. Future research should prioritize RCT to thoroughly assess the management of HD in these patients, particularly addressing polidocanol foam sclerotherapy, a minimally invasive technique that has previously been shown to be more ef-fective than RBL in the general population and in patients with bleeding disorders.

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